Macintosh History: 1990

In March 1990, Apple extended their warranty from 90 days to a full year, finally bringing it to parity with the majority of the computer industry.

The DOS world - Windows was still an unpopular option back then - was thrilled with its 33 MHz 80386 machines, which offered twice the performance of the 16 MHz models of 1986.

In the same period, Apple had gone from the 8 MHz Plus to the 25 MHz IIci. However, due to the extra overhead of a GUI operating system compared with DOS, much of the world viewed the Mac as sluggish.

We all know the Mac had a lot of horsepower, but a good deal of it was dedicated to displaying a screen that took a lot more resources than did 25 lines of 80 text characters on the typical DOS box.

Wicked Fast

Apple also addressed the speed issue in March 1990, rolling out the 40 MHz Macintosh IIfx along with the 8•24GC accelerated video card.

The DOS world was pretty content with 33 MHz computers with a 32 KB (or sometimes larger) memory cache. Apple didn't go that route - the IIfx ran a 40 MHz 68030 CPU and 40 MHz 68882 FPU (math chip) on a 40 MHz system bus. It took a special 64-bit memory module that could overlap read and write operations for improved speed. It had a 32 KB L2 cache on the motherboard, since even the high speed memory couldn't keep up at 40 MHz.

Speedometer shows a stock IIfx runs almost twice as fast as a stock IIci, and about 60% faster than the IIci with a cache.

On top of that, the IIfx used two 6502 processors to manage the floppy drive(s), ADB ports, and serial ports, which reduced the load on the CPU.

Apple went a step further. Where a normal video card was processor intensive, the 8•24GC took a lot of that burden off the CPU. With an onboard AMD 29000 RISC processor, the 8•24GC did certain tasks 5 to 30 times faster than previous Apple video cards. (By the way, this was Apple's first RISC product, years before the first Power Mac shipped.)

The label "wicked fast" definitely suited the IIfx, especially with the 8•24GC card installed.

And for owners of the Mac II or IIx, a motherboard upgrade made it possible to acquire this level of performance for significantly less than it's $10,000 price tag. It even had those six expansion slots some Mac owners today long for.

Macs for the Masses

Unfortunately, Apple had a bad reputation for announcing product before it could ship it in any kind of quantity. I know - I was working at the local ComputerLand selling Macs at the time.

Apple went out of its way to address this with the release of a trio of consumer-oriented Macs released in October. Every store that wanted stock was promised at least a display model and, where possible, sales inventory.

The Classic

The new entry level computer, replacing the venerable SE, was the Mac Classic. Packaging the same 8 MHz 68000 used in the first Mac along with the same 9" b&w screen, the Classic became the first $1,000 Mac - if you were willing to live without an internal hard drive.

Memory expansion from the base 1 MB required a daughter card, which contained 1 MB and two SIMM slots. These could be populated with 256 KB or 1 MB SIMMs, resulting in 2.5 MB or 4 MB or memory, respectively.

The Classic was also the first ROM-bootable Macintosh. By holding down command-option-X-O at startup, the Classic would boot into System 6, complete with LocalTalk drivers.

The LC

But that didn't generate nearly as much excitement as the first low cost color model, the Macintosh LC. This compact unit contained the same processor as the Mac II, and it ran at the same 16 MHz as that discontinued 1987 model.

To reduce the cost of acquiring a system (and for one other reason, noted below), the LC could support a 12" color monitor at 512 x 384 pixels - the same width as the Classic, but 42 pixels higher.

The LC had a new expansion slot, the LC processor direct slot (PDS), which they had big plans for.

Apple had long been used in the classroom, but the installed base of Apple II computers made it hard to get Macs in the door. Apple's solution was the Apple IIe on an LC PDS card. This let the user connect an Apple 5.25" floppy drive and run Apple II programs on the 12" monitor.

On the Mac side, with a VRAM upgrade, the LC supported 16-bit color on the 12" display, 256 colors on the traditional 640 x 480 screen. (Without the upgrade, the LC only show 16 colors on a 640 x 480 monitor.)

The $2,400 LC was not without significant compromises, which earn it the dubious Road Apple label.

• The 68020 was obsolete, but Apple chose it to reduce costs.
• The motherboard had a 16-bit data path, but the 68020 is a 32-bit processor. This reduced performance by about 25% compared with the Mac II.
• The LC could accept high capacity SIMMs, but was hard wired to see no more than 10 MB of memory - no matter how much you installed. This was probably done to keep the LC from competing with more expensive models.

Still, these compromises were what allowed Apple to sell the LC at a more accessible price, so we shouldn't be too hard on them. And the LC was the foundation of perhaps the most popular line in Apple history - until the iMac came along.

The IIsi

Between the LC and the 25 MHz IIci, Apple rolled out the 20 MHz IIsi. At under $4,000 and with about 80% the performance of a stock IIci, the IIsi represented a lot of power and value.

The IIsi shared a lot of design features with the IIci. In fact, many of the components were identical and the design could easily support the same 25 MHz speed, but that would have taken sales from the more expensive machine.

To reduce costs, Apple soldered 1 MB of memory to the motherboard. As on the IIci, this memory was used both for video and programs, which made things a bit less efficient but increased value. The IIsi officially supports 256 KB, 512 KB, 1 MB, 2 MB, and 4 MB SIMMs, giving it a RAM capacity ranging from 2 MB to 17 MB. Beyond that, users have since discovered that the more recently introduced 8 MB and 16 MB SIMMs also work, allowing 33 MB and 65 MB configurations.

The IIsi's great compromise, and probably the main reason is was so much less expensive than the IIci, was that it had no NuBus slots. Instead, the IIsi had a single 68030 PDS, the same one used in the SE/30, but running at 20 MHz. For those needing a single NuBus card, there was a PDS-to-NuBus adapter.

But by eliminating the slots, Apple could design a more compact case and use a smaller, less costly power supply.

The IIsi remains popular as a low end server, since it is compact and draws less power than the other models in the II series, meaning an uninterruptible power supply will last longer when the lights go out.

The Competition

This was the year Microsoft replaced Windows 2, Windows 286, and Windows 386 with a single product, Windows 3.0. The now-famous GUI was still fighting an uphill battle for acceptance, but a unified product combined with the power of the new 80486 processor began to make it competitive with the Mac OS.

Windows 3.0 was a near miss, but when it was replaced by Windows 3.1 in 1992, it created a standard which is still heavily used today and should survive until the Millennium Bug strikes it and most older DOS computers down on 1/1/2000.

Personal Perspective

We had a big invitation only roll out party for the new Macs at ComputerLand of Grand Rapids. We dressed up and had the event catered. The windows were covered in black paper, a satellite dish was installed for the occasion, and customers were greeted at the door by hostesses. We watched the introduction live on a projection TV, then uncovered our display models.

For the time, this was nearly as big a deal as Steve Jobs unveiling the iMac prototype last May. And sales of the new models were brisk, since more users could afford a Mac than ever before. (Another parallel with the iMac!)